人工智能（AI），机器学习和深度学习（DL）方法在生物医学图像分析领域变得越来越重要。但是，为了利用此类方法的全部潜力，需要作为训练数据代表数量的实验获得的图像，其中包含大量手动注释对象。在这里，我们将语法（合成数据）介绍为一种新的方法，用于生成合成，光现实和高度复杂的生物医学图像作为DL系统的训练数据。我们在组织学切片中的肌肉纤维和结缔组织分析的背景下显示了方法的多功能性。我们证明，可以在以前看不见的现实世界数据上执行强大和专家级的细分任务，而无需仅使用合成训练数据进行手动注释。作为一种完全参数技术，我们的方法为生成对抗网络（GAN）构成了可解释的可控替代方案，并且有可能在显微镜及其他地区的各种生物医学应用中显着加速定量图像分析。

病理学家对患病组织的视觉微观研究一直是一个多世纪以来癌症诊断和预后的基石。最近，深度学习方法在组织图像的分析和分类方面取得了重大进步。但是，关于此类模型在生成组织病理学图像的实用性方面的工作有限。这些合成图像在病理学中有多种应用，包括教育，熟练程度测试，隐私和数据共享的公用事业。最近，引入了扩散概率模型以生成高质量的图像。在这里，我们首次研究了此类模型的潜在用途以及优先的形态加权和颜色归一化，以合成脑癌的高质量组织病理学图像。我们的详细结果表明，与生成对抗网络相比，扩散概率模型能够合成各种组织病理学图像，并且具有较高的性能。

在过去几十年中，功能选择吸引了很多关注，因为它可以降低数据维度，同时保持功能的原始物理含义，这比功能提取可以更好地解释性。但是，大多数现有的功能选择方法，尤其是基于深度学习的方法，通常集中在仅具有很高分数的功能上，但忽略了那些在训练过程中得分较低的人以及重要的候选功能的顺序。这可能是有风险的，因为不幸的是，在培训过程中可能会忽略一些重要和相关的功能，从而导致次优的解决方案或误导性选择。在我们的工作中，我们通过利用较少重要性分数的功能来处理功能选择，并根据新颖的互补功能掩码提出功能选择框架。我们的方法是通用的，可以轻松地集成到现有的基于深度学习的特征选择方法中，以提高其性能。实验是在基准数据集上进行的，并表明所提出的方法可以选择比艺术状态更具代表性和信息性的特征。

ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列，该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战，这是由于探测器的几何形状，不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收，并且低于100 GEV的光，每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战，可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形，并将图形神经网络（GNN）作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开，对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类，并重建沉积的能量，方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真，我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术，包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类，与当前的IceCube方法相比，GNN以固定的假阳性速率（FPR）提高了信号效率的18％。另外，GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8（低于半百分比）。对于能源，方向和相互作用顶点的重建，与当前最大似然技术相比，分辨率平均提高了13％-20％。当在GPU上运行时，GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件，这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。

在后硅验证中，调整是为了找到调整旋钮的值，这可能是过程参数和/或已知操作条件的函数。从这个意义上讲，更有效的调整需要根据测试的设备（DUT）来确定最关键的调整旋钮和过程参数。这通常是由经验丰富的专家手动进行的。但是，随着越来越复杂的芯片，对大量原始变量的手动检查变得更具挑战性。在这项工作中，我们利用神经网络有效地选择最相关的变量，并呈现相应的深学习辅助管道进行有效的调整。

能源部门的深度脱碳将需要大量的随机可再生能源渗透和大量的网格资产协调。对于面对这种变化而负责维持电网稳定性和安全性的电力系统运营商来说，这是一个具有挑战性的范式。凭借从复杂数据集中学习并提供有关快速时间尺度的预测解决方案的能力，机器学习（ML）得到了很好的选择，可以帮助克服这些挑战，因为在未来几十年中，电力系统转变。在这项工作中，我们概述了与构建可信赖的ML模型相关的五个关键挑战（数据集生成，数据预处理，模型培训，模型评估和模型嵌入），这些模型从基于物理的仿真数据中学习。然后，我们演示如何将单个模块连接在一起，每个模块都克服了各自的挑战，在机器学习管道中的顺序阶段，如何有助于提高训练过程的整体性能。特别是，我们实施了通过反馈连接学习管道的不同元素的方法，从而在模型培训，绩效评估和重新训练之间“关闭循环”。我们通过学习与拟议的北海风能中心系统的详细模型相关的N-1小信号稳定性边缘来证明该框架，其组成模块的有效性及其反馈连接。

Variational inference uses optimization, rather than integration, to approximate the marginal likelihood, and thereby the posterior, in a Bayesian model. Thanks to advances in computational scalability made in the last decade, variational inference is now the preferred choice for many high-dimensional models and large datasets. This tutorial introduces variational inference from the parametric perspective that dominates these recent developments, in contrast to the mean-field perspective commonly found in other introductory texts.

Knowledge graphs (KG) have served as the key component of various natural language processing applications. Commonsense knowledge graphs (CKG) are a special type of KG, where entities and relations are composed of free-form text. However, previous works in KG completion and CKG completion suffer from long-tail relations and newly-added relations which do not have many know triples for training. In light of this, few-shot KG completion (FKGC), which requires the strengths of graph representation learning and few-shot learning, has been proposed to challenge the problem of limited annotated data. In this paper, we comprehensively survey previous attempts on such tasks in the form of a series of methods and applications. Specifically, we first introduce FKGC challenges, commonly used KGs, and CKGs. Then we systematically categorize and summarize existing works in terms of the type of KGs and the methods. Finally, we present applications of FKGC models on prediction tasks in different areas and share our thoughts on future research directions of FKGC.

Few Shot Instance Segmentation (FSIS) requires models to detect and segment novel classes with limited several support examples. In this work, we explore a simple yet unified solution for FSIS as well as its incremental variants, and introduce a new framework named Reference Twice (RefT) to fully explore the relationship between support/query features based on a Transformer-like framework. Our key insights are two folds: Firstly, with the aid of support masks, we can generate dynamic class centers more appropriately to re-weight query features. Secondly, we find that support object queries have already encoded key factors after base training. In this way, the query features can be enhanced twice from two aspects, i.e., feature-level and instance-level. In particular, we firstly design a mask-based dynamic weighting module to enhance support features and then propose to link object queries for better calibration via cross-attention. After the above steps, the novel classes can be improved significantly over our strong baseline. Additionally, our new framework can be easily extended to incremental FSIS with minor modification. When benchmarking results on the COCO dataset for FSIS, gFSIS, and iFSIS settings, our method achieves a competitive performance compared to existing approaches across different shots, e.g., we boost nAP by noticeable +8.2/+9.4 over the current state-of-the-art FSIS method for 10/30-shot. We further demonstrate the superiority of our approach on Few Shot Object Detection. Code and model will be available.

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation is a promising task freeing people from heavy annotation work. However, domain discrepancies in low-level image statistics and high-level contexts compromise the segmentation performance over the target domain. A key idea to tackle this problem is to perform both image-level and feature-level adaptation jointly. Unfortunately, there is a lack of such unified approaches for UDA tasks in the existing literature. This paper proposes a novel UDA pipeline for semantic segmentation that unifies image-level and feature-level adaptation. Concretely, for image-level domain shifts, we propose a global photometric alignment module and a global texture alignment module that align images in the source and target domains in terms of image-level properties. For feature-level domain shifts, we perform global manifold alignment by projecting pixel features from both domains onto the feature manifold of the source domain; and we further regularize category centers in the source domain through a category-oriented triplet loss and perform target domain consistency regularization over augmented target domain images. Experimental results demonstrate that our pipeline significantly outperforms previous methods. In the commonly tested GTA5$\rightarrow$Cityscapes task, our proposed method using Deeplab V3+ as the backbone surpasses previous SOTA by 8%, achieving 58.2% in mIoU.